Darlington N Onyejike1, 2 
,
Darlington C Akukwu3,
Fortune O Abrukwe1,
Emmanuel N Ezeokafor4,
Ifeoma F Okwuonu4,
Chukwudi F Afuberoh4,
Ambrose E Agulanna1,
Dominic E Ejiofor5
For correspondence:- Darlington Onyejike Email: dn.onyejike@unizik.edu.ng Tel:+2348061131867
Received: 15 March 2025 Accepted: 18 June 2025 Published: 03 July 2025
Citation: Onyejike DN, Akukwu DC, Abrukwe FO, Ezeokafor EN, Okwuonu IF, Afuberoh CF, et al. Histopathological evaluation of D’General Bitters on renal health in adult male Wistar rats. Trop J Pharm Res 2025; 24(6):811-817 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v24i6.8
© 2025 The authors.
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Purpose: To evaluate the potential nephrotoxic effects of D’General Bitters through histopathological
analysis.
Methods: A total of 32 male Wistar rats weighing between 195 and 230 g were used for the study.
Twelve rats were used for acute toxicity test while another 20 was randomly divided into 2 groups; study
group (n = 15) and control group (n = 5). Study group was further divided into 3 groups based on doses
administered. Control group received standard feed and water while study group received varying doses
of D’General Bitters (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mL for 6 weeks). Acute toxicity was assessed using the OECD
Guideline 425. Histological analysis was conducted to evaluate renal structural integrity after
administration of the herbal preparation.
Results: Histopathological examinations showed no significant renal structural damage across all
dosage groups.
Conclusion: While D’General Bitters did not cause significant histological and gross morphological
damage, further studies are recommended to assess long-term effects and ensure safe use
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