Putri Eka Andini1,
Bangunawati Rahajeng2 
,
Khalida Mutia Abiska BR Harahap1,
Nurul Maziyyah2,
Pinasti Utami2
For correspondence:- Bangunawati Rahajeng Email: bangunawati.r@umy.ac.id Tel:+62-81326869629
Received: 19 March 2025 Accepted: 14 June 2025 Published: 03 July 2025
Citation: Andini PE, Rahajeng B, Harahap KB, Maziyyah N, Utami P. Drug-drug interactions in patients with schizophrenia and depression in outpatients at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Trop J Pharm Res 2025; 24(6):829-838 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v24i6.10
© 2025 The authors.
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Purpose: To identify possible drug-drug interactions in patients with schizophrenia and depression in
the Outpatient Department at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. Additionally, the relationships
between patient characteristics and drug interactions were investigated.
Methods: A descriptive observational design and a longitudinal approach were used. The study which
was conducted at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital for one year, was based on medical records
of patients and interviews. Consecutive sampling was utilized to generate a sample size of 81 patients
with schizophrenia and depression who met the inclusion criteria. The data were evaluated by
examining the occurrence of drug-drug interactions and by performing a bivariate chi-square statistical
test to determine the relationship between patient characteristics and actual drug-drug interactions.
Results: This study identified 93 cases of drug interactions, 63.44 % of which occurred
pharmacodynamically, while 36.56 % occurred pharmacokinetically. The intensity of drug interactions
was categorized as major (31.18 %), moderate (63.44 %), and minor (5.38 %). The 93 drug interactions
encompassed precisely seven actual types of interaction. Bivariate chi-square analysis revealed that
gender was a major factor associated with actual drug interactions.
Conclusion: There were 93 drug-drug interactions, with gender being an influencing factor
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