Rizwan Faisal¹, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah Bukhari², Syed Sikandar Shah³ , Rasha Aziz Attia Salama⁴, Aizaz Imran¹, Abid Ullah¹, Jamil Ahmad⁵, Aftab Alam³, Hadeel Eyad Shalabi³, Rasha Babiker²

¹Department of Pharmacology, Rehman Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan,; ²Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences,; ³Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmacy,; ⁴Department of Community and Family Medicine, RAK College of Medical Sciences,; ⁵Department of Psychiatric Nursing, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.

For correspondence:-  Syed Shah   Email: syed.sikandar@rakmhsu.ac.ae   Tel:+971 56 6410232

Received: 25 July 2026        Accepted: 18 October 2026        Published: 31 October 2026

Citation: Faisal R, Bukhari AA, Shah SS, Salama RA, Imran A, Ullah A, et al. Laboratory-based antibiogram of uropathogens from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan: A five-year retrospective study. Trop J Pharm Res 2026; 25(10):1445-1452 doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v25i10.12

© 2026 The authors.
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Abstract

Purpose: To describe the distribution of uropathogens and their recorded antimicrobial susceptibility proportions in urine culture reports from a tertiary care hospital over five years. Methods: This retrospective laboratory-based observational study analyzed urine culture and sensitivity records from 2020 to 2024 at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. All eligible records were included. Reports from patients who had received antibiotics within the preceding 7 days and reports with no bacterial growth were excluded, leaving 322 reports for analysis. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 29. Results: Escherichia coli was the most frequently recorded uropathogen (309/322; 96.0 %), followed by Enterococcus species (189/322; 58.7 %), whereas Serratia odorifera was the least frequent (46/322; 14.3 %). Using the total analyzed reports (n = 322) as the denominator, fosfomycin showed the highest observed susceptibility proportion for E. coli (86.5 %) and Enterococcus species (46.0 %). Colistin showed the highest observed proportion for Pseudomonas species (43.1 %), while amikacin showed the highest observed proportions for Klebsiella pneumoniae (47.5 %), Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) (31.2 %), Citrobacter (32.4 %), Serratia odorifera (25.8 %), and Staphylococcus aureus (24.9 %). Co-trimoxazole showed the highest observed proportion for Salmonella species (16.8 %). Conclusion: E. coli was the most frequently recorded uropathogen. Fosfomycin, tigecycline, carbapenems, colistin, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and piperacillin/tazobactam showed comparatively higher observed susceptibility proportions than several fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. These findings support routine culture-guided therapy and local antimicrobial stewardship.

Keywords: Antibiogram, Antimicrobial resistance, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Urinary tract infection, Uropathogens

Impact Factor
Thompson Reuters (ISI): 0.6 (2023)
H-5 index (Google Scholar): 49 (2023)